Polyphase AC

• The generators at the electric utility's power plants make electricity in three distinct phases. Each has a 60-cycle alternating current, but the cycles of each phase begin and end in an overlapping pattern. The greater power demands of commercial and industrial equipment call for the use of electrical wiring with all three phases.
  
  

Household AC

• Most homes have one- or two-phase electric power, as it's less expensive than three-phase wiring. You can do most normal things with any one of the three original phases, such as run a vacuum cleaner, a toaster or a computer. Most outlets in your home have only one phase, measuring 110 volts. A 220-volt outlet will have two phases.
  
  

AC Motor

• An AC electric motor has an inner rotor surrounded by a set of coils. A three-phase AC motor runs different sets of coils. One phase may be approaching a maximum in its cycle, the next is at the maximum, the next is decreasing from the maximum. Only one set of coils at a time makes a maximum-strength magnetic field. As each phase goes through its cycles, the maximum magnetic point rotates around the motor's circumference, driving the rotor.
  
  

Starter Capacitor

• With single-phase power, all of a motor's coils begin their cycle at the same time. The magnetic field doesn't rotate, so the rotor can't move. Engineers worked around this by using a separate starter coil in series with a capacitor. A capacitor is a small cylinder-shaped electronic device that stores and releases electric charge. Its capacity is measured in units called farads, with starter capacitors typically having around 10 microfarads (millionths of a farad). Combined with the coil, the capacitor creates a second phase that leads the first by 90 degrees. This is enough to create a rotating magnetic field and start the motor. Once the motor comes up to speed, a centrifugal switch disconnects the starter coil and capacitor, otherwise, they would interfere with the motor's efficiency.
  
  

Start-Run Capacitors

• A variation of the starter capacitor scheme uses two capacitors: a large one to start the motor, and a smaller one to keep it running. This improves the performance of larger electric motors.