Brazil" s Largest Ever Infrastructural Improvement Programme
This article discusses the two stages of Brazil's Programa de Acelerao do Crescimento (Growth Acceleration Programme', also known as PAC'). Aimed at assisting the country's economic progression, the PAC is mainly focused around improving Brazil's infrastructure through a variety of means.
*** PAC-1 (Programa de Acelerao do Crescimento 1 / Growth Acceleration Programme One) ***
Initiated on 28th January 2007, the PAC-1 was structured upon a four year implementation strategy, composed of five levels, in order of priority:
1) Infrastructural measures largely focused around energy (via the means of interest payment reductions as well as gas industry subsidies and tax reliefs); transportation (roads, highways, ports, airports, urban transport), housing and sanitation;
2) Measures to encourage credit and financing;
3) Improved environmental regulatory frameworks;
4) Tax relief, largely focused around the poorer ends of society;
5) Fiscal measures for the long term.
The aim of the $R 513 billion programme was, in turn, to accelerate private investment and was allocated in the following channels:
Energia (Energy) out of a total of R$ 274.8 billion, R$ 179.0 billion was invested in oil and natural gas; R $ $ 65.9 billion in power generation; R$ 17.4 billion in renewable fuels and R$ 12.5 billion in electricity transportation.
Melhorias Infraestrutura Social e Urbana (Social Infrastructure and Urban Improvements') out of a total of R$ 170.8 billion, R$ 106.3 billion was invested in housing improving projects (with majority allocated in lower class areas); R$ 40 billion in basic sanitation; R$ 12.7 billion in water system improvements; R$8.7 billion on the Luz Para Todos programme (Light for All', which entitles households in rural areas to get a free spot light per room with electricity two sockets) and R$ 3.1 billion on improving subway systems (particularly in Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo).
Transporte Logstica (Transport Logistics') out of a total of R$ 58.3 billion, R$33.4 billion was invested in the country's highways; R$ 10.6 billion in the merchant navy; R$ 7.9 billion in railways; R$ 3 billion in airport infrastructure; R$ 2.7 billion in ports and R$ 700 million on public waterways.
Shortly after the introduction of the programme, a sub-project entitled PAC das Crianas (PAC for Children') was also launched focused at addressing the fundamental causes of violence against children and adolescents. R$ 2.9 billion was allocated to renovate and construct 49 buildings to house young people in this predicament supported by counselling, educational programmes, sporting academies, libraries, workshops and clinics. In conjunction with this, a programme was created to pass a one-off grant to families to bring back their abandoned children (an unfortunate consequence in the poorer parts of the country). The source of the funding for PAC-1 largely came from both state enterprises (including an investment by Petrobras of R$ 148.7 billion) and the private sector as well as a proportion from fiscal and social security receipts.
The main criticism the programme has attracted has been with regards to its slow implementation: at the target completion date of March 2010, only 63 percent of the funding was spent. At the time, President Lula publically stated his dissatisfaction: "I'm not happy with what we have done so far, the poor people of this country needs us to do more and the economy needs to happen." Further pressure was subsequently put on state heads and municipality governments to carry out projects efficiently within set timeframes. Despite these issues, the overall impact of the PAC-1 has been viewed as a positive step for Brazil from all sections of society. Launched amidst the global economic crisis, many have cited the programme as a major contributory factor which assisted in Brazil's excelled recovery particularly as a result of the increased employment opportunities and company subsidies / tax reliefs.
*** PAC-2 (Programa de Acelerao do Crescimento 2 / Growth Acceleration Programme Two) ***
In March 2010, phase two of the Growth Acceleration Programme was launched with an infrastructure investment plan of R$ 958.8 billion for use between 2011 and 2014. Funded via a combination of private, state, federal and municipal investment, the allocation is as follows:
Melhores Cidades (Better Cities) with an investment of R$ 57.1 billion, the aim is to improve the quality of life in Brazils major cities with a focus on sanitation, urban mobility, pavement improvements and crime prevention.
Cidadania da Comunidade (Community Citizenship) an investment of R$ 23 billion aimed at augmenting the accessibility of state services in the countrys poorer regions including various health services, emergency care units, day care centres, pre-schools, sporting facilities and community police stations.
Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life) continuing the established programme of reducing the countrys housing deficit, providing construction sector incentives and generating jobs with an investment of R$ 278.2 billion.
gua e Luz para Todos (Water and Light for All') a R$30.6 billion investment with the objective of continuing the programme of free access to lighting for poorer communities (see above) as well as the provision of improved water supply and related resources.
Transporte (Transportation) an investment of $R 4.5 billion to continue the work of the PAC-1 in improving, expanding and integrating a logistical network of quality and safety of Brazils roads, railways, ports, waterways and airports.
Energia ('Energy') with the largest investment of R$ 627.1 billion the funding is aimed at continuing the countrys leading global status of producing clean and renewable sources of energy; supporting the production of oil (mainly in the countrys south east coast); electricity efficiency; shipbuilding investments and mineral research.
PAC-2 was accused of being a means of President Lulas Workers Party to gain votes for the 2010 elections referring to the fact that the programme should not have been started when the first part was not fully completed. Worker Party government officials were quick to dismiss the programmes critics maintaining that Brazil is in need for infrastructural improvements and the main concern should be with regards to the successive effects on inflation that the various parts of the programme will cause. It has therefore become clear that the government needs to keep close eye on preventing runaway price rises in order to solidify the countrys long term growth and maximise the effects of the programme.
*** PAC-1 (Programa de Acelerao do Crescimento 1 / Growth Acceleration Programme One) ***
Initiated on 28th January 2007, the PAC-1 was structured upon a four year implementation strategy, composed of five levels, in order of priority:
1) Infrastructural measures largely focused around energy (via the means of interest payment reductions as well as gas industry subsidies and tax reliefs); transportation (roads, highways, ports, airports, urban transport), housing and sanitation;
2) Measures to encourage credit and financing;
3) Improved environmental regulatory frameworks;
4) Tax relief, largely focused around the poorer ends of society;
5) Fiscal measures for the long term.
The aim of the $R 513 billion programme was, in turn, to accelerate private investment and was allocated in the following channels:
Energia (Energy) out of a total of R$ 274.8 billion, R$ 179.0 billion was invested in oil and natural gas; R $ $ 65.9 billion in power generation; R$ 17.4 billion in renewable fuels and R$ 12.5 billion in electricity transportation.
Melhorias Infraestrutura Social e Urbana (Social Infrastructure and Urban Improvements') out of a total of R$ 170.8 billion, R$ 106.3 billion was invested in housing improving projects (with majority allocated in lower class areas); R$ 40 billion in basic sanitation; R$ 12.7 billion in water system improvements; R$8.7 billion on the Luz Para Todos programme (Light for All', which entitles households in rural areas to get a free spot light per room with electricity two sockets) and R$ 3.1 billion on improving subway systems (particularly in Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo).
Transporte Logstica (Transport Logistics') out of a total of R$ 58.3 billion, R$33.4 billion was invested in the country's highways; R$ 10.6 billion in the merchant navy; R$ 7.9 billion in railways; R$ 3 billion in airport infrastructure; R$ 2.7 billion in ports and R$ 700 million on public waterways.
Shortly after the introduction of the programme, a sub-project entitled PAC das Crianas (PAC for Children') was also launched focused at addressing the fundamental causes of violence against children and adolescents. R$ 2.9 billion was allocated to renovate and construct 49 buildings to house young people in this predicament supported by counselling, educational programmes, sporting academies, libraries, workshops and clinics. In conjunction with this, a programme was created to pass a one-off grant to families to bring back their abandoned children (an unfortunate consequence in the poorer parts of the country). The source of the funding for PAC-1 largely came from both state enterprises (including an investment by Petrobras of R$ 148.7 billion) and the private sector as well as a proportion from fiscal and social security receipts.
The main criticism the programme has attracted has been with regards to its slow implementation: at the target completion date of March 2010, only 63 percent of the funding was spent. At the time, President Lula publically stated his dissatisfaction: "I'm not happy with what we have done so far, the poor people of this country needs us to do more and the economy needs to happen." Further pressure was subsequently put on state heads and municipality governments to carry out projects efficiently within set timeframes. Despite these issues, the overall impact of the PAC-1 has been viewed as a positive step for Brazil from all sections of society. Launched amidst the global economic crisis, many have cited the programme as a major contributory factor which assisted in Brazil's excelled recovery particularly as a result of the increased employment opportunities and company subsidies / tax reliefs.
*** PAC-2 (Programa de Acelerao do Crescimento 2 / Growth Acceleration Programme Two) ***
In March 2010, phase two of the Growth Acceleration Programme was launched with an infrastructure investment plan of R$ 958.8 billion for use between 2011 and 2014. Funded via a combination of private, state, federal and municipal investment, the allocation is as follows:
Melhores Cidades (Better Cities) with an investment of R$ 57.1 billion, the aim is to improve the quality of life in Brazils major cities with a focus on sanitation, urban mobility, pavement improvements and crime prevention.
Cidadania da Comunidade (Community Citizenship) an investment of R$ 23 billion aimed at augmenting the accessibility of state services in the countrys poorer regions including various health services, emergency care units, day care centres, pre-schools, sporting facilities and community police stations.
Minha Casa, Minha Vida (My House, My Life) continuing the established programme of reducing the countrys housing deficit, providing construction sector incentives and generating jobs with an investment of R$ 278.2 billion.
gua e Luz para Todos (Water and Light for All') a R$30.6 billion investment with the objective of continuing the programme of free access to lighting for poorer communities (see above) as well as the provision of improved water supply and related resources.
Transporte (Transportation) an investment of $R 4.5 billion to continue the work of the PAC-1 in improving, expanding and integrating a logistical network of quality and safety of Brazils roads, railways, ports, waterways and airports.
Energia ('Energy') with the largest investment of R$ 627.1 billion the funding is aimed at continuing the countrys leading global status of producing clean and renewable sources of energy; supporting the production of oil (mainly in the countrys south east coast); electricity efficiency; shipbuilding investments and mineral research.
PAC-2 was accused of being a means of President Lulas Workers Party to gain votes for the 2010 elections referring to the fact that the programme should not have been started when the first part was not fully completed. Worker Party government officials were quick to dismiss the programmes critics maintaining that Brazil is in need for infrastructural improvements and the main concern should be with regards to the successive effects on inflation that the various parts of the programme will cause. It has therefore become clear that the government needs to keep close eye on preventing runaway price rises in order to solidify the countrys long term growth and maximise the effects of the programme.
